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Parallax Design

Overview

Parallax Design is a web design technique that creates the illusion of depth and spatial dimension by moving background elements at a different speed than foreground content as the user scrolls. Inspired by the multiplane camera technique pioneered in classic animation, this approach layers visual elements at varying depths along the Z-axis, producing a cinematic sense of immersion within a two-dimensional browser viewport. Parallax websites are particularly effective for narrative-driven experiences, product showcases, and brand storytelling, where the scroll itself becomes a mechanism for guiding the user through a curated visual journey. The technique rose to mainstream prominence around 2011 and has remained a durable staple of modern web design, evolving from simple background-attachment tricks to sophisticated CSS 3D transforms and scroll-driven animations. At its best, parallax design transforms passive scrolling into an engaging experience that rewards exploration with fluid motion and layered depth.

Visual Characteristics

Core Design Traits

  • Layered depth: Content is organized into distinct foreground, midground, and background layers that move at different scroll speeds, creating a convincing illusion of spatial depth within the page
  • Full-viewport sections: Each major content block typically occupies the full viewport height, creating a "scene-by-scene" progression that reinforces the storytelling structure
  • Cinematic imagery: Large, high-quality photographic or illustrated backgrounds serve as the visual foundation, often spanning the full width and height of each section
  • Scroll-triggered reveals: Content elements animate into view as the user scrolls, using fade-ins, slide-ups, and scale transitions tied to scroll position rather than time
  • Minimal UI chrome: Navigation and interface elements are deliberately understated to keep focus on the immersive content, often using fixed transparent headers or hidden hamburger menus
  • Dramatic whitespace: Generous spacing between content blocks allows each parallax scene to breathe and prevents visual overload from competing motion effects
  • Bold typographic hierarchy: Large, high-contrast headings anchor each section, readable against moving backgrounds, with clear visual separation between headline, subhead, and body text

Design Principles

  • Progressive disclosure: Information is revealed gradually through the scroll journey, maintaining curiosity and encouraging users to continue exploring deeper into the page
  • Purposeful motion: Every parallax movement serves a narrative or functional goal; motion is never decorative but always guides attention or reinforces the content hierarchy
  • Performance-first layering: Layers are constructed with GPU-accelerated transforms (translate3d, will-change) to ensure smooth 60fps scrolling even with multiple moving elements
  • Accessible degradation: The design remains fully functional and readable when parallax effects are disabled or unsupported, ensuring content is never locked behind scroll animations
  • Rhythm and pacing: The speed differential between layers creates a visual rhythm that mirrors the content's narrative pacing, with faster sections for excitement and slower sections for contemplation

Color Palette

Swatch Hex Role
Deep Space #0B0E17 Primary dark background for hero and immersive sections
Midnight Navy #141B2D Secondary dark background for alternating sections
Charcoal Depth #1E2538 Card and panel surface color on dark backgrounds
Slate Mist #2A3247 Elevated surface, navbar backgrounds
Steel Gray #8892A8 Secondary text, muted labels, and borders
Silver Fog #C5CDD9 Body text on dark backgrounds
Cloud White #F0F2F5 Primary text on dark backgrounds, light section base
Electric Blue #3B82F6 Primary accent for CTAs, links, and active states
Cyan Glow #06B6D4 Secondary accent for highlights and gradients
Warm Amber #F59E0B Tertiary accent for emphasis and warnings
Soft Violet #8B5CF6 Gradient accent for decorative depth layers
Coral Pulse #EF4444 Alert accent and hover state contrast

CSS Custom Properties

:root {
  /* Backgrounds */
  --color-deep-space: #0B0E17;
  --color-midnight-navy: #141B2D;
  --color-charcoal-depth: #1E2538;
  --color-slate-mist: #2A3247;

  /* Text & Neutrals */
  --color-steel-gray: #8892A8;
  --color-silver-fog: #C5CDD9;
  --color-cloud-white: #F0F2F5;

  /* Accents */
  --color-electric-blue: #3B82F6;
  --color-cyan-glow: #06B6D4;
  --color-warm-amber: #F59E0B;
  --color-soft-violet: #8B5CF6;
  --color-coral-pulse: #EF4444;

  /* Functional Aliases */
  --bg-primary: var(--color-deep-space);
  --bg-secondary: var(--color-midnight-navy);
  --bg-surface: var(--color-charcoal-depth);
  --text-primary: var(--color-cloud-white);
  --text-secondary: var(--color-silver-fog);
  --text-muted: var(--color-steel-gray);
  --accent-primary: var(--color-electric-blue);
  --accent-secondary: var(--color-cyan-glow);
}

Typography

Font Weight(s) Usage Link
Inter 400, 500, 600, 700 Primary body text and UI elements fonts.google.com/specimen/Inter
Space Grotesk 500, 700 Display headings and hero text fonts.google.com/specimen/Space+Grotesk
Sora 400, 600, 700 Alternative heading font with geometric clarity fonts.google.com/specimen/Sora
JetBrains Mono 400, 500 Code snippets and technical labels fonts.google.com/specimen/JetBrains+Mono
Playfair Display 600, 700 Elegant editorial headings for storytelling sections fonts.google.com/specimen/Playfair+Display

Font Pairing Suggestions

Heading Body Vibe
Space Grotesk 700 Inter 400 Modern tech-forward, clean and authoritative
Playfair Display 700 Inter 400 Editorial elegance meets functional readability
Sora 700 Inter 400 Geometric precision with approachable warmth

CSS Example

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Space+Grotesk:wght@500;700&family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap');

body {
  font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
  color: var(--text-primary);
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4 {
  font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.15;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}

h1 { font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 5rem); }
h2 { font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 4vw, 3rem); }
h3 { font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 2.5vw, 1.75rem); }

p {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.25vw, 1.125rem);
  max-width: 65ch;
  color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.label {
  font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--accent-primary);
}

Layout Principles

  • Full-viewport sections: Each parallax scene should fill the entire viewport (min-height: 100vh) to create immersive, self-contained visual stages that the user scrolls through one at a time
  • CSS perspective container: The outermost scrolling container sets perspective on a parent element, allowing child layers translated along the Z-axis to move at naturally different scroll speeds without JavaScript
  • Layer stacking with translateZ: Background layers use negative translateZ values (move them farther away so they scroll slower) and are scaled back up to compensate for the perspective size reduction
  • Sticky and fixed positioning: Use position: sticky for elements that should pin in place during a scroll range, and position: fixed sparingly for persistent navigation overlays
  • Content containment: Text and interactive elements should always be placed on the foreground layer (translateZ 0) to maintain crisp rendering, accessibility, and pointer-event reliability
  • Responsive breakpoints: Reduce or disable parallax depth on screens below 768px to prevent disorienting motion on touch devices and improve mobile performance
  • Vertical rhythm grid: Maintain consistent vertical spacing multiples (e.g., 4rem / 6rem / 8rem) between sections to create predictable scroll pacing across the entire page

CSS / Design Techniques

Parallax Layer

The foundation of CSS-only parallax: a perspective container with child layers at different Z-depths.

.parallax-container {
  height: 100vh;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  overflow-y: auto;
  perspective: 8px;
  perspective-origin: 50% 50%;
}

.parallax-group {
  position: relative;
  height: 100vh;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
}

.parallax-layer--back {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  transform: translateZ(-4px) scale(1.5);
  z-index: -1;
}

.parallax-layer--base {
  position: relative;
  transform: translateZ(0);
  z-index: 1;
}

.parallax-layer--deep {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  transform: translateZ(-8px) scale(2);
  z-index: -2;
}

Scroll-Triggered Section

Sections that animate into view as the user scrolls, using Intersection Observer fallback classes and modern scroll-driven animations.

.scroll-reveal {
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(60px);
  transition: opacity 0.8s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1),
              transform 0.8s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
}

.scroll-reveal.is-visible {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

.scroll-reveal--delay-1 { transition-delay: 0.1s; }
.scroll-reveal--delay-2 { transition-delay: 0.2s; }
.scroll-reveal--delay-3 { transition-delay: 0.3s; }

/* Modern: scroll-driven animation (Chrome 115+) */
@supports (animation-timeline: scroll()) {
  .scroll-reveal-native {
    animation: reveal-up linear both;
    animation-timeline: view();
    animation-range: entry 0% entry 40%;
  }
  @keyframes reveal-up {
    from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(60px); }
    to   { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
  }
}

Card

Dark, layered cards with subtle borders and hover lift effects that reinforce the depth theme.

.parallax-card {
  background: var(--bg-surface);
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
  border-radius: 16px;
  padding: 2rem;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  transition: transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1),
              box-shadow 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
}

.parallax-card::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
  height: 1px;
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3), transparent);
}

.parallax-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-8px);
  box-shadow: 0 20px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), 0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08);
}

Button

Buttons with gradient fills and a glow effect on hover, fitting the depth-forward aesthetic.

.btn-parallax {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5rem;
  padding: 0.875rem 2rem;
  font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  color: #fff;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--color-electric-blue), var(--color-cyan-glow));
  border: none;
  border-radius: 12px;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
}

.btn-parallax:hover {
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.35), 0 0 60px rgba(6, 182, 212, 0.15);
}

.btn-parallax--outline {
  background: transparent;
  border: 2px solid var(--color-electric-blue);
  color: var(--color-electric-blue);
}

.btn-parallax--outline:hover {
  background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
  box-shadow: 0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
}

A fixed transparent navbar that gains a solid backdrop on scroll, staying unobtrusive over parallax content.

.parallax-nav {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
  z-index: 1000;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 1rem 2rem;
  background: transparent;
  transition: background 0.4s ease, backdrop-filter 0.4s ease;
}

.parallax-nav.is-scrolled {
  background: rgba(11, 14, 23, 0.85);
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
}

.parallax-nav__link {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: color 0.3s ease;
  position: relative;
}

.parallax-nav__link::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  bottom: -4px; left: 0;
  width: 0; height: 2px;
  background: var(--accent-primary);
  transition: width 0.3s ease;
}

.parallax-nav__link:hover::after { width: 100%; }

Hero Section

A full-viewport hero with layered background elements and centered content.

.parallax-hero {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 100vh;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--bg-primary);
}

.parallax-hero__bg {
  position: absolute;
  inset: -20%;
  background:
    radial-gradient(ellipse at 30% 50%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.12) 0%, transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(ellipse at 70% 50%, rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.1) 0%, transparent 60%);
  pointer-events: none;
}

.parallax-hero__title {
  font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif;
  font-size: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 5.5rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.05;
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--text-primary), var(--text-secondary));
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
  background-clip: text;
}

.parallax-hero__scroll-indicator {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 2rem; left: 50%;
  transform: translateX(-50%);
  color: var(--text-muted);
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  animation: float 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
}

@keyframes float {
  0%, 100% { transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0); }
  50% { transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-10px); }
}

Design Do's and Don'ts

Do's

  • Do use GPU-accelerated transforms (translate3d, will-change: transform) to keep parallax scrolling smooth at 60 frames per second
  • Do provide a static fallback for browsers that lack 3D transform support and for users who prefer reduced motion (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)
  • Do keep text on the foreground layer (translateZ 0) so it stays crisp, accessible, and clickable without pointer-event interference
  • Do optimize background images aggressively with modern formats (WebP, AVIF) and responsive srcset to prevent scroll jank from oversized assets
  • Do limit the number of parallax layers to 2-3 per section; excessive layers introduce rendering overhead and visual noise that detracts from the content
  • Do maintain strong color contrast between text and background layers to meet WCAG AA standards even as backgrounds shift during scrolling
  • Do test on real devices across iOS, Android, and low-powered laptops, since parallax performance varies dramatically by hardware and browser

Don'ts

  • Don't hijack the scroll by overriding native scroll behavior with custom scroll speeds or snapping that disorients users and breaks accessibility expectations
  • Don't use background-attachment: fixed as your only parallax method, since it is unsupported on iOS Safari and forces full-page repaints that destroy performance
  • Don't apply parallax to every section of the page; strategic restraint is more impactful than constant motion, and overuse causes motion fatigue
  • Don't nest parallax containers inside each other, as compounding perspective values create unpredictable layer behavior and severe rendering issues
  • Don't forget overflow: hidden on parallax groups, or translated background layers will bleed outside their intended section boundaries
  • Don't rely solely on scroll position for critical content since users on assistive technologies or keyboard navigation may not trigger scroll-based reveals
  • Don't ignore mobile entirely; either implement a simplified parallax experience for touch devices or gracefully disable it below your responsive breakpoint
Aesthetic Relationship
Glassmorphism Shares the use of backdrop blur, layered depth, and translucent surfaces to create dimensional UI elements
Dark Mode Neon Complements parallax with dark backgrounds and vibrant accent glows that enhance the cinematic, immersive mood
Minimalism Parallax design benefits from minimalist content strategy, letting generous whitespace and restrained layouts amplify the depth effect
Aurora Gradient Gradient-heavy backgrounds pair naturally with parallax layering, creating atmospheric color shifts as layers move
Cyberpunk Shares the dark, high-contrast color palette and tech-forward visual language common in immersive parallax storytelling sites
Flat Design Serves as a historical counterpoint; parallax design deliberately rejects flatness in favor of dimensional depth and spatial illusion

Quick-Start HTML Template

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Parallax Design Template</title>
  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Space+Grotesk:wght@500;700&family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
  <style>
    :root {
      --deep-space: #0B0E17; --midnight: #141B2D; --charcoal: #1E2538;
      --slate: #2A3247; --steel: #8892A8; --silver: #C5CDD9;
      --cloud: #F0F2F5; --blue: #3B82F6; --cyan: #06B6D4;
      --amber: #F59E0B; --violet: #8B5CF6;
    }
    *, *::before, *::after { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }
    html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }
    body {
      font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif;
      color: var(--cloud); background: var(--deep-space);
      line-height: 1.7; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    }
    h1, h2, h3 { font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.15; letter-spacing: -0.02em; }
    a { color: var(--blue); text-decoration: none; }

    /* -- Nav -- */
    .nav {
      position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; z-index: 1000;
      display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 1.25rem 2.5rem; background: transparent;
      transition: background 0.4s, backdrop-filter 0.4s;
    }
    .nav.scrolled {
      background: rgba(11,14,23,0.88); backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
      -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
      border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    }
    .nav-logo { font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.3rem; color: var(--cloud); text-decoration: none; }
    .nav-logo span { color: var(--blue); }
    .nav-links { display: flex; gap: 2rem; list-style: none; }
    .nav-links a {
      color: var(--silver); font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 500;
      text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; position: relative;
    }
    .nav-links a:hover { color: var(--cloud); }
    .nav-links a::after {
      content: ''; position: absolute; bottom: -4px; left: 0;
      width: 0; height: 2px; background: var(--blue); transition: width 0.3s;
    }
    .nav-links a:hover::after { width: 100%; }

    /* -- Buttons -- */
    .btn {
      display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 0.875rem 2rem;
      font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.95rem;
      color: #fff; background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--blue), var(--cyan));
      border: none; border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer;
      transition: transform 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;
    }
    .btn:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(59,130,246,0.35); }
    .btn-outline {
      background: transparent; border: 2px solid var(--blue); color: var(--blue);
    }
    .btn-outline:hover { background: rgba(59,130,246,0.08); box-shadow: 0 0 30px rgba(59,130,246,0.15); }

    /* -- Hero -- */
    .hero {
      position: relative; min-height: 100vh; display: flex;
      align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align: center; overflow: hidden;
    }
    .hero-bg {
      position: absolute; inset: -20%; pointer-events: none;
      background:
        radial-gradient(ellipse at 20% 50%, rgba(139,92,246,0.15), transparent 50%),
        radial-gradient(ellipse at 80% 50%, rgba(59,130,246,0.12), transparent 50%);
      animation: drift 20s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
    }
    .hero-bg-2 {
      position: absolute; inset: -20%; pointer-events: none;
      background:
        radial-gradient(ellipse at 60% 30%, rgba(6,182,212,0.1), transparent 40%),
        radial-gradient(ellipse at 40% 70%, rgba(245,158,11,0.06), transparent 40%);
      animation: drift 15s ease-in-out infinite alternate-reverse;
    }
    @keyframes drift {
      0% { transform: translate(0,0) scale(1); }
      100% { transform: translate(30px,-20px) scale(1.05); }
    }
    .hero-content { position: relative; z-index: 2; max-width: 800px; padding: 2rem; }
    .hero-label { font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.8rem; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--blue); margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
    .hero h1 {
      font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 7vw, 5.5rem); margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
      background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--cloud), var(--silver));
      -webkit-background-clip: text; -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; background-clip: text;
    }
    .hero p { font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 1.8vw, 1.25rem); color: var(--silver); max-width: 560px; margin: 0 auto 2.5rem; }
    .hero-actions { display: flex; gap: 1rem; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; }
    .scroll-hint {
      position: absolute; bottom: 2.5rem; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%);
      color: var(--steel); font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.12em;
      text-transform: uppercase; animation: float 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    @keyframes float {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0); }
      50% { transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-8px); }
    }
    .fade-bottom {
      position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 180px;
      background: linear-gradient(to top, var(--midnight), transparent);
      pointer-events: none; z-index: 3;
    }
    .fade-top {
      position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 180px;
      background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--deep-space), transparent);
      pointer-events: none; z-index: 3;
    }

    /* -- Sections -- */
    .section {
      position: relative; min-height: 100vh; display: flex;
      align-items: center; overflow: hidden;
    }
    .section-dark { background: var(--deep-space); }
    .section-navy { background: var(--midnight); }
    .section-inner { position: relative; z-index: 2; width: 100%; max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 6rem 2rem; }
    .section-header { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 4rem; }
    .section-label { font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.8rem; letter-spacing: 0.15em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--cyan); margin-bottom: 1rem; display: block; }
    .section-header h2 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); margin-bottom: 1rem; }
    .section-header p { font-size: 1.05rem; color: var(--silver); max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto; }

    /* -- Cards -- */
    .card-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; }
    .card {
      background: var(--charcoal); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
      border-radius: 16px; padding: 2rem; position: relative; overflow: hidden;
      transition: transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.16,1,0.3,1), box-shadow 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.16,1,0.3,1);
    }
    .card::before {
      content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 1px;
      background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, rgba(59,130,246,0.3), transparent);
    }
    .card:hover { transform: translateY(-6px); box-shadow: 0 20px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); }
    .card-icon {
      width: 48px; height: 48px; border-radius: 12px; display: flex;
      align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 1.4rem;
      margin-bottom: 1.25rem; background: rgba(59,130,246,0.1); color: var(--blue);
    }
    .card-icon.cyan { background: rgba(6,182,212,0.1); color: var(--cyan); }
    .card-icon.violet { background: rgba(139,92,246,0.1); color: var(--violet); }
    .card-icon.amber { background: rgba(245,158,11,0.1); color: var(--amber); }
    .card h3 { font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; }
    .card p { font-size: 0.95rem; color: var(--silver); line-height: 1.7; }

    /* -- Stats -- */
    .stats { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 2rem; text-align: center; padding: 4rem 0; }
    .stat-num { font-family: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif; font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem); font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }
    .stat-label { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--steel); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; margin-top: 0.5rem; }

    /* -- Footer -- */
    .footer {
      background: var(--midnight); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
      padding: 3rem 2rem; text-align: center; color: var(--steel); font-size: 0.9rem;
    }

    /* -- Scroll Reveal -- */
    .reveal { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(40px); transition: opacity 0.7s cubic-bezier(0.16,1,0.3,1), transform 0.7s cubic-bezier(0.16,1,0.3,1); }
    .reveal.visible { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
    .reveal.d1 { transition-delay: 0.1s; }
    .reveal.d2 { transition-delay: 0.2s; }
    .reveal.d3 { transition-delay: 0.3s; }

    /* -- Reduced Motion -- */
    @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
      *, *::before, *::after { animation-duration: 0.01ms !important; transition-duration: 0.01ms !important; }
      .reveal { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
    }

    /* -- Responsive -- */
    @media (max-width: 768px) {
      .nav-links { display: none; }
      .stats { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
      .card-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
      .section-inner { padding: 4rem 1.5rem; }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <!-- Navigation -->
  <nav class="nav" id="nav">
    <a href="#" class="nav-logo">Parallax<span>.</span></a>
    <ul class="nav-links">
      <li><a href="#features">Features</a></li>
      <li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
      <li><a href="#stats">Stats</a></li>
      <li><a href="#techniques">Techniques</a></li>
    </ul>
  </nav>

  <!-- Hero -->
  <section class="hero">
    <div class="hero-bg"></div>
    <div class="hero-bg-2"></div>
    <div class="hero-content">
      <p class="hero-label">Immersive Web Experiences</p>
      <h1>Design with Depth</h1>
      <p>Create layered, scroll-driven experiences that guide users through your story with cinematic motion and spatial depth.</p>
      <div class="hero-actions">
        <button class="btn">Get Started</button>
        <button class="btn btn-outline">Learn More</button>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="scroll-hint">Scroll &#8595;</div>
    <div class="fade-bottom"></div>
  </section>

  <!-- Features -->
  <section class="section section-navy" id="features">
    <div class="fade-top"></div>
    <div class="section-inner">
      <div class="section-header reveal">
        <span class="section-label">Features</span>
        <h2>Layered by Design</h2>
        <p>Every element exists at a purposeful depth, creating visual hierarchy through spatial relationships.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="card-grid">
        <div class="card reveal d1">
          <div class="card-icon">&#9670;</div>
          <h3>Depth Layering</h3>
          <p>Background, midground, and foreground elements move at independent scroll speeds, producing natural three-dimensional space.</p>
        </div>
        <div class="card reveal d2">
          <div class="card-icon cyan">&#9674;</div>
          <h3>Scroll Reveals</h3>
          <p>Content animates into view as users scroll, using eased transitions tied to viewport intersection for progressive disclosure.</p>
        </div>
        <div class="card reveal d3">
          <div class="card-icon violet">&#10023;</div>
          <h3>Cinematic Pacing</h3>
          <p>Full-viewport sections create a scene-by-scene rhythm, giving each content block room to breathe and make its impact.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- About -->
  <section class="section section-dark" id="about">
    <div class="section-inner">
      <div class="section-header reveal">
        <span class="section-label" style="color: var(--amber);">About the Technique</span>
        <h2>Motion with Meaning</h2>
        <p>Parallax design transforms the humble scroll into a storytelling device. By assigning different movement rates to layered elements, designers create depth that mirrors how we perceive the real world.</p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- Stats -->
  <section class="section section-navy" id="stats">
    <div class="section-inner">
      <div class="section-header reveal">
        <span class="section-label">By the Numbers</span>
        <h2>Performance Matters</h2>
      </div>
      <div class="stats reveal">
        <div><div class="stat-num">60</div><div class="stat-label">FPS Target</div></div>
        <div><div class="stat-num">3</div><div class="stat-label">Max Layers</div></div>
        <div><div class="stat-num">8px</div><div class="stat-label">Perspective</div></div>
        <div><div class="stat-num">0ms</div><div class="stat-label">JS Required</div></div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- Techniques -->
  <section class="section section-dark" id="techniques">
    <div class="section-inner">
      <div class="section-header reveal">
        <span class="section-label">Techniques</span>
        <h2>Build with Confidence</h2>
        <p>Core CSS techniques that power smooth, accessible parallax experiences without JavaScript dependencies.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="card-grid">
        <div class="card reveal d1">
          <div class="card-icon amber">&#9632;</div>
          <h3>CSS Perspective</h3>
          <p>Set perspective on the scroll container and translateZ on child layers. Elements farther away scroll slower -- pure CSS.</p>
        </div>
        <div class="card reveal d2">
          <div class="card-icon">&#9650;</div>
          <h3>GPU Acceleration</h3>
          <p>Use translate3d and will-change to promote layers to the GPU compositor, eliminating paint bottlenecks during scroll.</p>
        </div>
        <div class="card reveal d3">
          <div class="card-icon cyan">&#9679;</div>
          <h3>Scroll Timelines</h3>
          <p>The animation-timeline: scroll() API ties CSS animations directly to scroll progress for declarative parallax.</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </section>

  <!-- Footer -->
  <footer class="footer">
    <p>Parallax Design Template &mdash; Built with CSS layers, depth, and purpose.</p>
  </footer>

  <script>
    // Scroll reveal via Intersection Observer
    const obs = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
      entries.forEach(e => { if (e.isIntersecting) e.target.classList.add('visible'); });
    }, { threshold: 0.15, rootMargin: '0px 0px -60px 0px' });
    document.querySelectorAll('.reveal').forEach(el => obs.observe(el));

    // Nav background on scroll
    const nav = document.getElementById('nav');
    window.addEventListener('scroll', () => {
      nav.classList.toggle('scrolled', window.scrollY > 80);
    }, { passive: true });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Implementation Tips

  • Use perspective on the scroll container, not individual layers: Setting perspective: 8px on the parent and transform: translateZ(-Npx) scale(1 + N/perspective) on children is the most reliable pure-CSS parallax pattern, avoiding the inconsistencies of background-attachment: fixed
  • Always pair translateZ with a compensating scale: When you move a layer back with translateZ(-4px), perspective makes it appear smaller; multiply its scale by (perspective + offset) / perspective (e.g., scale(1.5) for -4px at 8px perspective) to restore its intended visual size
  • Use will-change: transform sparingly and purposefully: Apply it only to actively animating parallax layers to promote them to GPU compositing; overusing it on static elements wastes memory and can degrade performance
  • Wrap parallax disabling in a prefers-reduced-motion media query: Users who experience motion sickness should receive a static version of the layout with all content visible and no scroll-triggered animations
  • Optimize images for parallax backgrounds: Since background layers are often scaled up 1.5-2x to fill the viewport at depth, source images need higher resolution than their visible size; use srcset with 2x variants and serve WebP/AVIF formats
  • Test scroll performance with browser DevTools paint profiling: Open the Performance panel, record a scroll interaction, and look for long paint or composite tasks that drop below 60fps; these indicate layers that are not properly GPU-accelerated
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